Our data show that strengthening of the TC input to L4 stellate

cells in spared barrel cortex is a prominent mechanism for plasticity in the mature brain after peripheral nerve injury. TC inputs strongly engage feedforward inhibitory interneurons in L4 barrel cortex (Chittajallu and Isaac, 2010, Cruikshank et al., 2007, Daw et al., 2007a, Gabernet et al., 2005, Porter et al., 2001 and Sun et al., 2006), and notably the ratio of feedforward inhibition and excitation in L4 was unaffected in IO rats. This demonstrates that inhibition was similarly potentiated JQ1 research buy with the increased excitation in these animals. This parallel enhancement of feedforward inhibition could be due to an increase in TC input strength onto feedforward interneurons, and/or an increase in their excitability and/or an increase in their connectivity to stellate cells. In other studies, it has been shown that during development the excitability of feedforward interneurons, the strength of TC inputs onto feedforward interneurons and the strength of inhibitory synaptic transmission onto stellate cells in L4 barrel cortex can all be regulated by whisker-driven activity (Chittajallu and Isaac, 2010, Jiao et al.,

2006 and Sun et al., 2009). Furthermore, the most prominent effect of whisker activity on synaptic anatomy is an increase in GABAergic synapses (Knott et al., 2002). Thus multiple mechanisms could contribute to the scaling of inhibition with excitation in L4 barrel cortex. The spared TC input

exhibits increased quantal amplitude and an increased number of functional 3-MA mouse synapses. This is suggestive of an LTP mechanism underlying the strengthening of the spared input. There is considerable evidence that long-term synaptic plasticity mechanisms underlie experience-dependent plasticity in primary sensory cortical areas (Feldman, 2009 and Malenka and Bear, 2004). However, previous studies have demonstrated that both LTP and LTD at TC inputs in L4 barrel cortex declines during the first postnatal week and is absent by the second postnatal week (Crair and Malenka, 1995, Daw et al., 2007b, Cell press Feldman et al., 1998 and Isaac et al., 1997). Thus, our results suggest that the two week loss of sensory input to the contralateral barrel cortex in 4- to 6-week-old rats reactivates LTP-like plasticity at TC inputs in spared barrel cortex. It is not clear whether the increased TC input underlies the full BOLD-fMRI increase detected in the cortex of IO rats. Although our findings on a lack of change in the IC fEPSP and in spontaneous EPSCs and IPSCs suggest no local change in intracortical synaptic strength in L4, it is probable that other mechanisms outside L4 could act in addition to TC input strengthening to contribute to the increased BOLD signal observed.